Biochemical responses of the Dreissena polymorpha from municipal pond to caffeine, microplastics, and heating in single and combined exposures

Background. Pharmaceuticals have become the aquatic pollutants of growing concern. Caffeine is one most widely distributed in surface waters among them. However, environmentally relevant models its effect, which include combined exposures with probable confounding factors, are unknown. Microplastics a suspected vector that influences caffeine bioavailability. The temperature dependence response, considering increase waters, can also be anticipated. aim this study was to analyze input caffeine, microplastics and elevated into their effect on zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas, 1771). Materials Methods. Molluscs were exposed (Caf, 20.0 μg·L−1), (MP, 1 mg·L−1, 2 μm size), or (T, 25 °C) single (Mix- MixT-) for 14 days. concentrations metallothioneins, metallothioneins-bound zinc, total Zn Cu concentration tissue, glutathione level, antioxidant (superoxide dismutase) metabolic (citrate synthase) enzymes activities, acid phosphatase activity as lysosomal functionality marker determined. Results Discussion. decrease Zn/Cu ratio soft tissues shared common response all exposures, reflecting metal imbalance sensitive marker. MP-group distinguished by levels extra activity, proving injury transportation Zn-related enzyme activities. All other (T-, Mix-, caused citrate synthase superoxide dismutase activation. Caf-related groups demonstrated elevation membrane-linked latency, metallothionein protein apo-form. level stable exposures. Conclusion. These data revealed adverse MP beneficial effects involved explained substance. Exposure partially alleviated mixture. Thus, results indicate importance multi-stress modeling, allows evaluation realistic responces an organism xenobiotics.